To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in Leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of Leaf and grain Fe, Leaf Mn, Leaf and grain Zn and Leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of Leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of Leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc Leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of Leaf and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in Leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

The variation of Leaf number and area on fruit weight, fruit number and plant yield in relation with environment temperature in three cucumber cultivars (Green Gold and Dharwad native of India and a new cultivars namely Super Dominus) in experimental field of Gorgan university were studied in 2007. In this study, the first flowers after formation of 4.99, 17.74 and 28.5 leaves in Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus appeared, respectively. This obtained results showed that after planting with increase of daily time, Leaf number, Leaf area and dry weight (g) increased as well. Then with progress of plant growth the amount of heat unit which is required for completing of a Leaf, one cm2 Leaf area and one gram dry weight decreased. This trend continued till the end of harvesting that was lowest. The results showed that essential heat for fruit set in Super Dominus, Dharwad and Green Gold were 470.5, 485 and 593.25 degree days, respectively. A negative correlation (-0.86) were observed between the number of fruits per plant and their weight. In this research between time of first harvest and fruit number negative correlation (-0.93) observed but the correlation (p<0.01) between time of first harvest and fruit weight was positive (0.91). Despite of difference between Leaf area, dry weight and morphological character of this three cucumber cultivars, their total yield were equal, while trend of Leaf production (for example Leaf number) in different stage of growth and development were similar. The obtained data showed that, Leaf number can use as a marker for predicting of occurrence of different stage during cucumber plants development.

Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan Leaf’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern characteristics must be taken into account.

Plants absorb Se element from the soil and enter it into the food chain as the best source of selenium for humans and animals. In the current research, the effects of selenium (bulk and nano forms) were investigated on the absorption of macro and micro elements and growth characteristics of spinach under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The factors were foliar spraying of nano selenium (5, 10 and 20 ppm), sodium selenate (5, 10 and 20 ppm) and distilled water (control plants). Based on the findings, an improvement was observed in root dry matter, shoot length, Leaf number, and Ca and Se contents with increasing the levels of treatments, in contrast, high levels of both treatments declined the content of Leaf nitrate, Na and Mn. Leaf dry matter and P and Mg contents were boosted at the level of 10 ppm  of both treatments, and lessened at higher levels.  The highest root length and Fe and Zn contents were observed at 5 ppm of nano-Se. This indicates the additive effects of low Se concentrations on root tip meristem cell division as well as plant water relations via transport of essential elements. However, the reduction of the mentioned traits occurred at higher levels of both treatments (20 ppm). Eventually, among the different levels of both Se treatments, the best one was 10 ppm Nano-Se. However, it can be stated that selecting the best treatment depends on the type of plant species, the type of utilized treatment, and the effective level on studied traits.

Sesame has valuable oil which is beneficial for human health. This plant has one capsule in each Leaf node (the place where the Leaf joins the stem), and by manipulating plant hormones, the number of capsules in each Leaf node can increase, which leads to an increase in yield. To increase the number of capsules per Leaf node, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. The first factor was two types of seeds [seeds from one capsule per Leaf node (CAP1) and seeds from triple capsule per Leaf node (CAP2)], and the second factor was three concentrations of cytokinin (CK) (zero, 50, 100 ppm). The results showed that the maximum plant length (83.5 cm) was obtained from the 50 ppm CK treatment. The application of 50 ppm CK in CAP1 was increased the number of single capsule nodes about 48%. Compared with the control and 100 ppm treatments, the 50 ppm CK treatment had the greatest effect on the number of nodes with triple capsules (7.71), with increases of 38.6 and 72.8%, respectively. The greatest number of triple capsule nodes per plant (10.3) was obtained in the CAP2 treatment by using 50 ppm CK. The greatest amount of fresh and dry weight (84.5 and 30.7 g per plant, respectively) was obtained from the 50 ppm CK treatment group. The maximum number of capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule were obtained from the 50 ppm CK×CAP2 treatment. Other results showed that the application of 50 ppm CK led to the highest number of seeds produced per plant (6.75 grams). In addition, the exogenous application of cytokinin to plants has the greatest effect on the areas to which it moves or the areas where cytokinin is synthesized, but to improve the effectiveness of this hormone and obtain an economic crop, it is necessary to use an appropriate ratio of other plant growth regulators.

Tomato Leaf curl virus (TLCY, Family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing a destructive disease of tomato in many regions of India, East Asia and Australia. While TLCY isolates from Australia, Bangalore (India) and Taiwan and Tomato yellow Leaf curl virus (TYLCY) isolates from different regions of Asia, Europe and America have a single genomic component (designated DNA A), those from Northern India and Thailand have two components (DNA A and DNA B). Previously, TYLCY-like geminiviruses have been identified from southern provinces of Iran causing Leaf curling, stunting, and severe reduction in fruits of tomato plants in the fields. We have used degenerate DNA A specific PCR primers to clone part of the genome of an Iranian isolate of TLCY (TLCY-Ir) from field-infected tomato plants growing in Iranshahr, Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Degenerate DNA B-specific PCR primers did not amplify a putative DNA B from infected tomato under conditions that DNA B fragments were amplified from plants infected with Tomato golden mosaic virus, a known bipartite begomovirus. The full-length 2763 nucleotide DNA A genome of TLCY-Ir was sequenced and compared to Iranian isolate of TYLCY (TYLCY-Ir, previously sequenced by Bananej et al., (GcnBank accession No. AJ 132711) isolated from tomato in the same region.As other monopartite TLCV and TYLCV isolates, both TLCV-Ir and TYLCV-Ir genomes contain six open reading frames, two on the virion-sense strand and four on the complementary-sense strand. Sequence comparisons indicated that TLCV-Ir is substantially different from TYLCV-Ir with only 79% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed while the TYLCV-Ir represents an isolate of TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-Is) group, the TLCV-Ir is closer to TLCV isolates from southern India (TLCVs-Bangalore 2-5) which are most similar to other WTGs infecting tomato and cotton in Pakistan, India and East Asia and differ substantially from T(Y)LCVs of the Middle East, America, Europe and Australia.Presence of two tomato - infecting begomoviruses in the same area provides a favorable environment for recombination of these viruses.

Introduction: One of the causes of error and perturbation in isodose curves in conventional radiotherapy treatment planning is the existence of tissues having either very high density (bone, prosthesis) or very low density (lung, air cavities). Nowadays, the use of CT images to solve this problem is growing, and so is the need for calibration curves that convert the CT-number of the tissue to electron density for dose calculation. The conventional method to obtain this curve is purely measurement-based, in which a phantom containing various materials of known electron densities is imaged. Alternatively, a more fundamental method of stoichiometry has been used in this work.Material and Methods: For the stoichiometric method, initially a cylindrical polyethylene phantom was built. The phantom consists of inserts of high-purity aluminum, PVC, polyethylene, water and cork to model hard bone, skeleton, fat, muscle and lung tissues, respectively. CT imaging was then performed at 120 kVp using a spiral CT scanner (GE model NXI). A system of simultaneous equations was solved to get the appropriate CT-number to electron-density conversion for each tissue type using the CT-numbers from the phantom images, the physical and radiological data of the materials. A conversion curve showing the variation of CT-number with relative electron density was also plotted. The result of the stoichiometric conversion was then compared to that from other methods.Results: The system of simultaneous equations yielded the factors, the experimental and the computed CT-numbers were compared. The highest uncertainty was estimated to be approximately 5.6% for a relatively high-density material such as aluminum and 4% for polyethylene. The curves representing the electron density based on CT-number start diverging at CT-number equal to zero and above.Discussion and Conclusion: Comparing the results obtained from the experimental and computational methods suggest an acceptable level of accuracy for the computational (stoichiometric) conversion. The uncertainty in the electron density obtained is greater for materials of higher electron density.

Introduction: Copy number variation (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic variation. Copy number variation (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural variations comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was time consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy number variation in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.